Uniquely identifiable characteristics : Deep yellow flowers in the form of a spike and found in the middle and grassy margins of peat bogs and wettish moors.

Just before the fruiting stage, the closed flower can take on a resemblance to Yellow-wort but Yellow-wort grows on sand dunes, and Bod Asphodel in wet grassland bogs. Also, Yellow-wort is yellow, whereas Bog Asphodel in this stage appears deep orange.

Bog Asphodel is not an asphodel, although it was once thought to be a miniature version of one, but rather a member of the Lily Family, Alliaceae.

In Northern climes the it was once used a yellow hair dye and as a cheap substitute for saffron.

In July and August wet acid bogland can sometimes be strewn with carpets of a deep orange yellow to be replaced later in September by a carpet of orange and russet-brown as the flowers fruit.

PHYLLOERYTHRIN & 'SAUT' Bog Asphodel is poisonous to both sheep and cattle, causing serious kidney problems and a photosensitive disorder (variously called 'alveld' in Norway; 'saut' in Cumbria; and 'plochteach' 'yellowses' and 'head greet' in Scotland) caused by tri-saccharide saponins (narthecin being the major one containing the glycosides glucose and arabinose attached to galactose, xylosin a minor one, not shown and containing instead the glycosides glucose and xylose attached to galactose) that crystallize in the bile ducts blocking them, resulting in the accumulation of phylloerythrin (a porphyrin) that the bile ducts were attempting to discard. The photosensitization is caused by the phylloerythrin which now permeates the blood plasma. Where the blood approaches the surface (in the skin) the phylloerythrin is exposed to sunlight and there it is photo-energized into an excited state initiating various chemical reactions in the skin, leading to tissue damage. It is often fatal. [Your Author has been unsuccessful at finding the structural formulae for either Narthecin or Xylosin]. Bog Asphodel also contains steroidal saponins such as Sarsapogenin Trisaccharide which become the poisonous Sarsapogenin, Sarsapogenone plus epi-Sarsapogenin when hydrolyzed and subsequently processed in the sheeps rumen, but experiments have failed to reproduce lesions in the liver with these saponins. These same saponins (still not shown) have haemolytic and cytotoxic properties causing hepatitis, oedema and severe poisoning (usually in sheep). The two saponins are spirostanol saponins, derived by hydrolysis from furostanols which is the form in which the saponins exist in the plant. The phylloerythrin itself was synthesized in the animal after eating green plants containing chlorophyll (another porphyrin). The chlorophyll is normally broken down in the animals gastro-intestinal tract by microbes into phylloerythrin, where it is normally excreted by the liver into the bile. But if the bile ducts are blocked...

BUTENOLIDES & NARTHESIDES Bog Asphodel also contains poisonous furanones which are lactones and one of their glycosides. Nartheside A and Nartheside B are rather inert glucosides of the above furanone, but on enzymatic hydrolysis both are converted into the very same reactive aglycone, a narthogenin, which is a lactone and has similar chemical properties to the lactones Protoanemonin and Tulipalin A. This lactone is namely 4-hydroxy-3-methoxy-2-butenolide which doesn't appear to have a common name. Nartheside A is (4S)-3-methoxy- 4-(D-glucopyranosyloxy)- 2-buten-4-olide, whilst that of Nartheside B is the opposite stereoisomer (4R)-3-methoxy- 4-(D-glucopyranosyloxy)- 2-buten-4-olide.