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Some similarities to : Oxford Ragwort and Common Ragwort , but leaves are very different.
With 5 yellow petals it has a slight resemblance to:
- Agrimony from afar, but flowers are larger, held further away from the top of the stalk, and of a brighter golden yellow.
- Some St. John's Worts, such as
Hairy St. John's Wort (apart from the hairs).
Unexpectedly, the flowering season is a month earlier in the hills, starting from June rather than July.
Habitat: likes growing in wooded, rocky or grassy places.
Goldenrod contains saponins derived from Polygallic Acid such as Virgaurea saponins I, II and III, Virgaureoside A and Leicarposide . Virgaureasaponin 3 is a new 3,28-bidesmosidic triterpene glycoside, specifically 3-O-β-D-Glucopyranosyl - (1→3)-β-D-Glucopyranosyl Polygalacic Acid. Leicarposide, a phenolic glycoside, is hydrolyzed to Salicylic Acid in the gut and because of this displays anti-inflammatory and analgesic activity. The diuretic properties of Goldenrod are said to be due to flavonoids.
It also contains some plant-defensive chemicals, the cis-Clerodane diterpenes, such as Elongatolide C & E, to guard against external pests. Also Solidagolactone s I-VII. Also some acetylenic compounds.
European Goldenrod contains several flavonoids (Quercetin 1.5% and Kaempferol plus their glucosides: Astragalin and Rutoside respectively. Also triterpene saponins of the Oleane type (2%) and the bisdesmosidic phenol glucoside Leiocarposide and Virgaureoside .
The small amount of essential oil obtained from Goldenrod contains Cadinene , Pinene , Myrcene, Limonene, Sabinene and Germacrene D.
Several phenolic acids are present such as Caffeic Acid, Chlorogenic Acid , Ferulic Acid , Sinapic Acid (Aka Sinapinic Acid) and Vanillic Acid .
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Daisy & Dandelion [Asteraceae] 
