HONESTY

ANNUAL HONESTY

Lunaria annua

Cabbage Family [Brassicaceae]  

month8apr month8april month8May month8jun month8june

status
statusZneophyte
 
flower
flower8red
rarely
flower
flower8purple
common
flower
flower8pink
common
flower
flower8white
often
morph
morph8actino
 
petals
petalsZ4
 
stem
stem8round
 
sex
sexZbisexual
 

22nd April 2005, Leeds & Liverpool Canal, Shipley. Photo: © RWD
Spreading in a hedge-bank.


25th April 2011, Daisy Nook, Oldham, Lancashire. Photo: © RWD
You do not often see clumps of Honesty, it usually grows all alone with no one to play with, but not these convivial specimens. It grows to 1m high.


15th May 2004, Near Mow Cop, Cheshire Plain. Photo: © RWD
In the land of white and pink.


19th April 2018, Hightown, Sefton Coast, Merseyside. Photo: © RWD
Overgrowing the early leaves of Jack-by-the-Hedge (aka Garlic Mustard) which doesn't appear until a bit later this stout Honesty has large triple-lobed leaves (or at least with two side-bulges). Unlike the leaves of Garlic Mustard the leaves are a bit wavy and the teeth a bit random.


4th May 2015, Rochdale Canal, Smithy Bridge, Lancs. Photo: © RWD
The leaves emerge at the junction of a branch from the main stem and are amplexicaul (with two rear lobes half clasping the stem). The flowers can be red, purple, pink or white


18th April 2015, Bridgewater Canal, Stretford, Gtr M/cr. Photo: © RWD
An albino version, which are quite common, echoing the location of the normal one above: in a hedge, with partial sun.


1st June 2006, Walkden, Greater Manchester. Photo: © RWD
When growing alone, the plant takes on a pyramidal form with side-branches all the way up the stem. Grows up to a metre high.


22nd April 2005, Leeds & Liverpool Canal, Shipley. Photo: © RWD
A near-purple specimen. Four propeller-shaped petals, usually violet, with a diminutive greenish centre.


22nd April 2005, Leeds & Liverpool Canal, Shipley. Photo: © RWD
The leaves are more ace-of-spades shaped tapering in a concave manner to a blunt point. They are usually well, but bluntly, toothed, but this specimen unusually which are pointed at the tip.


26th April 2018, Marple, Cheshire. Photo: © RWD
The flowers have long, narrow but stiff stalks.


26th April 2018, Marple, Cheshire. Photo: © RWD
The flowers have a long narrow calyx tube which is split in two in two places.


26th April 2018, Marple, Cheshire. Photo: © RWD
The split sepal tube is split twice into two, the two halves each having their own rear pouch, fo whatever reason. Holding nectar?


11th May 2008, Peak Forest Canal, Strines, Derbyshire. Photo: © RWD
The flower with four fawn coloured longish anthers just peeking out of the sepal tube. Note indigo veins in petals in this specimen. The petals are 15 to 25mm long.


23rd April 2017, Bridgewater Canal, Stretford, GtM/cr. Photo: © RWD
The 4 longish anthers crowding around a slightly shorter style in the centre.


19th May 2011, Walkden Golf Course, Gtr M/cr. Photo: © RWD
The stem is glaucous green as are the seed pods. The flowers have two long sepals. The seed pods grow from small flattened beginnings on somewhat over-large pedestals at the end of long straight hairy stalks.


19th May 2011, Walkden Golf Course, Gtr M/cr. Photo: © RWD
The very flat oval seed pods fully grown, but not yet 'brown-paper' ripe. Note the long projection at the top of the seed pod, which was the style.


9th July 2005, Worksop, Nottinghamshire. Photo: © RWD
The seed pods are numerous and flat, with a few flattened opaque seeds within casting their shadow on one side of the flat pod. Your Author will leave the reader to count the flat oval seeds in each pod.


21st Sept 2008, Walkden, Greater Manchester. Photo: © RWD
The flat seed pods are said to be 2.5 to 7.5cm long by 1.5 to 3.5cm wide and paper thin which have dried to a shiny silvery and papery finish [but your Author has never seen one that is 1.5cm wide and 7.5cm long!]. The seeds still within. In a better state, the ripe seed pods are used as internal dried-flower decorations.


Easily confused with : Dame's-Violet but Honesty never has lilac coloured flowers whereas Dame's-Violet can have (but sometimes also white). Honesty also has heart-shaped (cordate) leaves on the upper stem (but larger and more rounded to ovate lower down the stem) that are also well-toothed whereas Dame's-Violet has lanceolate un-toothed leaves. Honesty has unusual flat coin-shaped seed pods that turn silvery when ripe, whereas Dame's-Violet has long thin cylindrical seed pods typical of mustards.

Distinguishing Feature : the flat and papery-thin seed pods which are shiny and silvery in Summer.

Some similarities to: Perennial Honesty (Lunaria rediviva) from Europe escapes from gardens but that has ice-blue flowers and long, narrow elliptical fruits. This grows year in year out by means of underground runners, something which Honesty lacks. Perennial Honesty also has very elongated flat seed pods rather than the almost disc shaped of Honesty. Despite the binomial name of Honesty incorporating 'annua' Honesty is usually a biennial, or only occasionally annual but rarely perennially, so its binomial name is contender for being a misnomer. Honesty is species which is most commonly grown in gardens and which is the more likely to escape, rather than Perennial Honesty.

The flowers are four-petalled and, on separate plants, are either purple or white, never lilac. They are a favourite cottage-garden wild flower. You are much more likely to find this plant either in a garden itself, or near houses than growing in the wild.

The rounded thin coin-shaped seed pods, when ripe in summer, turn from green to shiny silver. These are used as decoration in indoor dry-flower arrangements.


USE BY BUTTERFLIES
LAYS EGGS ON CATERPILLAR CHRYSALIS BUTTERFLY
Orange-tip


GLUCOSINOLATES

Honesty also contains 12 Glucosinolates, the 5 major ones being GlucoAlyssin, GlucoHesperin, GlucoPutranjivin, GlucoBrassicanapin Hex-5-Enyl Glucosinolate - they were identified by their breakdown product. The main glucosinolate degradation products of these are BenzoPropane Nitrile (2.3%) and 2-PhenylEthyl IsoThioCyanate at 0.8%.


GlucoBrassicanapin (aka 4-Pentenyl Glucosinolate) is isolated from Rape (Brassica napus) and other species of Brassicaceae. It has a 6-valent sulfur atom in the sulfate moiety. It is an AlkenylGlucoSinolic Acid.

GlucoPutranjivin is very similar to Epi Progoitrin (on the Sea Kale page). The 'Putr' portion of the chemical name seems to refer to the putrid smell which this molecule might possess.



GlucoAlyssin has three atoms of Sulfur, and all three are utilised in different ways. The topmost sulfur atom is a sulfoxide produced by the oxidation of a MethylThioEther group which was there before and exhibits valence 4, the one on the right (the Sulfate moiety) valency of 6 and the lower one (contributing the requisite NCS portion of the molecule for an isothiocyanate) exhibits a valency of just 2. It is one of the flavour compounds produced during the cooking of species of Brassica vegetables. GlucoAlyssin is a Thia-GlucoSinolic Acid. It is an extremely strong acidic compound and is also found in Chinese Cabbage, Pak-Choi (Brassica rapa ssp. pekinensis) Turnip, Horseradish and all other Brassicaceae.



2-PhenylEthyl IsoThioCyanate is used as a food-grade flavour ingredient in cooking and is mainly found in brassicaceae species vegetables. It is the main compound which is responsible in brassica species roots for the nematicidal effect on nematode worms around the roots. It is thus a promising ingredient for soil fumigants against nenatodes.

NERVONIC ACID


The oil obtained from its seeds is most unusual, containing a high proportion (21%) of cis-15-TetraCosenoic Acid, aka C24-Monoetenoid Acid aka Nervonic Acid, the highest proportion of this oil in any seeds found so far. They contain other oils too, together totalling 30 to 35% oil. It is used on a small scale as an industrial lubricant as well as a source of Nervonic Acid which is used both pharmaceutically and Nutraceutically.

Nervonic Acid (aka Selacholeic Acid or cis-15-TetraCosenoic Acid) is a long-chain mono-unsaturated fatty acid which is found in the mammalian brain. Lignoceric Acid is its fully saturated equivalent (meaning with the same number of carbon atoms [24 in this case] in the same chain but without any double bonds). Nervonic acid is involved in the synthesis of the myelin sheath, the sheath which in mammalian brains wraps around nerve fibres to both protect them and speed up the transmission of nerve impulses along them. The myelin sheath normally has gaps in it every so often (presumably for the return current to flow around - your Author guesses using his background in electronics). The destruction of the myelin sheath by the body's own immune system gone awry is responsible for the symptoms of multiple schlerosis.

Nervonic Acid is also found in breast milk where presumably it helps the development of the brains of infants. This acid also regulates the double-positive Calcium ion (Ca2+) channel which is in the membrane of nerve tissues, thus controlling calcium levels in the intercellular fluid (cytosol).

BENZO-FURAN SPERMIDINE ALKALOIDS


Lunarine is an alkaloid based upon a benzofuran (the three fused lower rings) and Spermidine. The Spermidine forms part of a large 20-membered ring straddling part of the benzofuran. Note that Spermidine is not symmetrical, but has four carbon atoms one side of the 'central' nitrogen atom, and only three on the other side of it. Which brings us to Lunaridine, where the molecule of Spermidine is attached the other way around (4-3 instead of 3-4), which would make no difference if Spermidine were symmetrical. This form of juxtaposition is unusual from a plant synthesis perspective. It shows, in this instance, that it can get hold of either end of the stick.


Spermidine itself is shown for comparison, although it seems to be ubiquitous throughout many Genera and must also be present in Honesty. Note that it is asymmetrical, with four carbon atoms on one side and only three on the other.


LBX is identical to Lunarine apart from a CH2 bridge spanning the two nearer nitrogen atoms, thus making a six-membered ring with two nitrogen atoms in it at the meta positions (being pyrimidine, compare with the two isomers pyrazine where the nitrogen atoms are at the para position and with pyridazine with the nitrogen atoms at the ortho position.

LBY is identical to LBX apart from the ketone part of the benzofuran rings being replaced by ⋅H⋅OH.

Initially there was considerable confusion caused by the unusual multi-membered rings of the Lunaria alkakoids, confusion which may persist to the present day. Rumours of further alkaloids within Honesty such as Lunariamine and Numismine cannot be substantiated by any readily-found structural formulae. Although the reports are ubiquitous, no structural formulae are to be found, only empirical formulae.


  Lunaria annua  ⇐ Global Aspect ⇒ Brassicaceae  

Distribution
family8Cabbage family8Brassicaceae  family8Cruciferae
 BSBI maps
genus8lunaria
Lunaria
(Honesty)

HONESTY

ANNUAL HONESTY

Lunaria annua

Cabbage Family [Brassicaceae]  

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