Not to be semantically confused with : Ground-Ivy (Glechoma hederacea) [a blue-flowered Dead-nettle plant with similar name], nor to Groundsel (Senecio vulgaris) or Low Ground-cherry (Physalis pubescens) nor to any Alpine prefixed plant nor to Orpine (Sedum telephium subsp. fabaria).
Uniquely identifiable characteristics
Distinguishing Feature :
No relation to : Pine [Tall coniferous trees with similar names belonging to differing families].
It is a very rare [RRR] and native plant found in the UK only in the South and South East of England , and north into Suffolk. It grows in arable fields on chalky soils, or even on bare chalk. It is decreasing in number.
It gets its common name Ground Pine by being very close to the ground, and by having leaves which look like pine needles (although it is an annual and not a tree) and by smelling of aromatic vapours similar to those given off by Pine Trees; resinous.
Hundreds of terpenoids and sesquiterpenoids have been found in Ground Pine. Here your Author just lists the more major ones (those listed above 1%). Multiple values might refer to various parts of the plant, either herbal parts or aerial parts. (Whatever 'herbal' parts actually means, and whether or not they include leaves, stems, etc which are aerial...). Multiple values also come from differing sources of information, take your pick, there is sometimes a huge variation on some secondary metabolite percentages! Even allowing for the fact that you should not add up the percentages on any one single line, your Author suspects that 'percentage' is a somewhat loose term here, and that he suspects they will sum vertically to more than 100% - even discounting all those substances which are less in 'percentage' than 1% (which your Author has omitted).
A few of these compounds will contribute to the pine smell attributed to Ground Pine, especially probably the α-Pinene which is present in fairly large amounts, as this is one of the many compounds also found in Pine Trees and from where it obtained its name.
α-Cadinol 1.9%
δ-Cadinol (aka Torreyol) 1.4% 1.8%
δ-Cadinene 1.1% - 1.2%
α-Copaene 1.8% - 5.6% - 1,9% - 2.6%
α-Muurolene 1.2%
γ-Muurolene 0.5% - 5.2% 0.8% - 1.1%
α-Muurolol 6.4%
α-Pinene 1.9% - 16% - 34.3% - 5.6% - 10.9% - 5.4%
α-Thujene 1.1% - 2.7%
β-Caryophyllene 0.5% - 7.8%
β-Cubene 4.8% - 5.7% - 2.1% - 2.5%
β-Pinene 14% - 20.8% 14.8% - 22%
β-BicycloGermacrene 0.6% - 1.8% - 1.1% - 1.7%
β-Bourbonene 1.5%
β-Cubebene 1.7% - 2.9%
Cubebol 0.2% - 1.5%
β-Myrcene 1.2% - 1.5%
Myrtenal 1.3% - 3.4%
Z-
β-Ocimene 2.6%
Carvacrol 0.2 % - 1.7%
γ-Elemene 3.7% - 1.0% - 1.9%
γ-Terpinene 7.7%
Germacrene B 0.9% - 1.4% 13.6% - 5.9%
Germacrene D 12.6% - 14.6% - 5.6% - 16.2% - 26.8%
Germacrene D-4-ol 0.4% - 7% - 1.3% - 0.5%
BiCycloGermacrene 5.1%
Camphene 2.7%
Sabinene 2.5%
1-octen-3-ol 1.3%
Hexadecanal 1.0%
HexaDecanoic Acid 0.1% - 3.1%
Ledol 1.2% - 2%
Limonene 1.1% - 2.5% - 6.1% - 1.3% - 1.4%
Linalool 1.3% - 1.7% - 3.1%
Myrcene 1.4% - 2.3% - 1.4%
Phytol 1.5% - 2.8%
Viridifloral 1.0% - 5.0% - 2.5% - 5.7% - 6.0%
2-PentaDecanol 1.0%
trans-Caryophyllene 1.7% - 3.7%
trans-PinoCarveol 1.1% - 3.3%
trans-Verbenol 1.2% - 2.9%
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