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GREEN ALKANET

Pentaglottis sempervirens

Borage Family [Boraginaceae]

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category
category8Evergreen
status
statusZneophyte
flower
flower8bicolour
flower
flower8blue
inner
inner8white
morph
morph8actino
petals
petalsZ5
stem
stem8square
sex
sexZbisexual

28th April 2010, Aston on Clun, Shropshire. Photo: © RWD
Readily spreads, especially in hedgerows.


16th April 2008, Maiden Castle, Shropshire. Photo: © RWD
Grows up to a metre high, with largish broad pointed-oval leaves at the bottom of the stem, becoming smaller and proportionally narrower the further up the stem.


2nd June 2006, Silverdale, Lancs. Photo: © RWD
Sky-blue flowers, pink in bud, at the tops of stems and branches. Stems and leaves with prominent hairs. Leaves have deep veins.


31st April 2007, Foxfield, Lancs Photo: © RWD
Leaves alternate, stems hairier than the leaves.


31st April 2007, Foxfield, Lancs Photo: © RWD
Flower buds enveloped in white hairs. Few but long bristles on edges of leaves, shorter hairs emerge from glands on leaf upper surface. The stems are square (when you can see passed the hairs).


15th April 2012, Fyfe, Scotland. Photo: © John Brailsford
From above the leaves may sometimes appear to be arranged spirally.


15th April 2012, Fyfe, Scotland. Photo: © John Brailsford
Usually only up to half-a-dozen or so opened flowers on each branch.


15th April 2012, Fyfe, Scotland. Photo: © John Brailsford
Un-opened flower buds pinkish and clustered together in a mass of short hairs. Leaves at the very top often much narrower and coarse-looking, similar in some ways to those of Bugloss although not quite as coarse or bristly.


17th June 2004, Caldon Canal, Consall Forge, Shropshire. Photo: © RWD
Flowers with five strikingly bright-blue petals.


24th June 2006, Boat Trip. Photo: © RWD
Flowers have white honey-guides and a white pentagonal ring in the centre. The stamens are hidden deep within the narrow flower tubes which end in a white ring.


17th June 2004, Caldon Canal, Consall Forge, Shropshire. Photo: © RWD
The central white ring protrudes upwards slightly, as do the ends of the petals.


2nd June 2006, Silverdale, Lancs. Photo: © RWD
Coarse glandular hairs on leaf surface, with fewer but longer hairs on the edge.


30th July 2007, canal, near Huddersfield, West Yorks. Photo: © RWD
This is a specimen growing in the shade, which is why it looks cleaner, less wrinkly and with bigger leaves than those growing in the sun. It is not a Garden Anchusa which have larger flowers bluer flowers with a fluffy white centre and big round petals.


Easily confused with : Dyer's Bugloss (Alkanna tinctoria), Bugloss (Anchusa officinalis) [which are also sometimes called 'Alkanet' along with Green Alkanet!] and with Greater Forget-me-not (Brunnera macrophylla) which can grow together.

Many similarities to : Bugloss (Anchusa arvensis) which also has deep-blue flowers but the leaves of Bugloss are twisted and contorted and more bristly and hairy.

Slight resemblance to : Alkanet (Anchusa officinalis) but that has purple rather than bright-blue flowers.

Superficial resemblance to : Garden Anchusa but that has larger flowers between 15 - 25mm across and a tuft of white hairs in the centre.

The flowers themselves, with their smallish size, and five bright-blue petals resemble those of many Forget-me-not flowers.

Uniquely identifiable characteristics

Distinguishing Feature :

The only species in its Genus, Pentaglottis.

It is found in hedgerows, waysides and the borders of woods. It is native and rapidly spreads, but also frequently escapes from gardens, but cannot grow in acidic soils; for it is calcicolous. It has a reputation to spread, particularly along hedgerows. Removal is difficult for the thick tap-root extends downwards up to half a metre and removal of all of it problematic. It will re-appear next year.

NAPHTHOQUINONES in ALKANETS


 Both Alkannin and a minor related constituent of Green Alkanet called Alkannan (and its steroisomeric partner Shikonin (not shown) are red dyes found in both Green Alkanet and in Alkanet. Both of these are Naphthazarins / Naphthoquinines.

The tap root of Alkanet (and Green Alkanet) is thick. Alkanet (and Green Alkanet) root extracts are used as purple and burgundy coloured dyes, and as varnishes for fine wood goods such as violins. It seems probable that the name 'Alkanet' derives from its use as a blue dye, where the extract from the roots is made blue by an alkali hydroxides (and made crimson again by addition of acids). The name 'Anchusa' for some other similar flowers derives from the Greek anchousa meaning 'paint'.



 Your Author does not know whether Naphthazarin itself is present in Green Alkanet, but it is present in the un-related Dyer's Alkanet (Alkanna tinctoria) - which although is in the same family as Green Alkanet (being Boraginaceae) is not in the same Genus. Naphthazarin is a purple dye. The chemical formula is normally shown as the top diagram, but it exists as a resonance-hybrid, with the Hydrogen atoms being shared alternately (at ultra-high speed) between the two adjacent oxygen moieties (naturally altering their properties as it does so), with consequent sharing of electrons around the fused aromatic rings, leading to a more stable molecule. This probably also alters its colour absorption spectrum.

According to one old source, the red colouring product from alkanet root consists of two separate compounds, one, Alkannic acid, turning green by the action of alkalis, the other, Anchusic acid (aka Alkannin, Alkanna Red and Anchusin), turning blue. Both of these acids form characteristically coloured salts. However, later sources suggest that the two compounds are identical! There is something strange here, the same substance cannot yield differing colours under the same conditions and it is likely that some of the substance has been inadvertently modified into another compound.

Pigments and dyes are not identical, the first being in-soluble in the medium by which it is delivered, the second being soluble. A lake pigment is a dye that has been precipitated into a powdered colourless substrate. Aluminium hydroxide, because it is transparent, is often used as the substrate to receive the dye to make it into a lake pigment. A purple lake pigment can be obtained from the extracts of Alkanet root. Alkannin is soluble in organic solvents but almost insoluble in water. In the former it is a dye, in the latter a pigment (and a lake pigment when deposited into a transparent powdered substrate).

Other constituents in the Alkanets include some pyrrolizidine alkaloids such as Triangularine DiHydroxyTriangularine, and 7-AngeloyRetronecine, several derivatives of Alkannin such as Alkannin IsoValerate and Alkannin Angelate and fatty acids such as Linoleic Acid, Palmitic Acid, Oleic Acid and Linolenic Acid (Gamma).

PYRROLIZIDINE ALKALOIDS


Many members of the Borage Family (and Daisy & Dandelion Family) contain (mostly poisonous) pyrrolizidine alkaloids, the only variation being which particular ones out of the hundreds already known. Here it is Triangularine and its hydrogenated derivative DihydroTriangularine which are structurally similar to the pyrrolizidine alkaloid Senecionine, but with a broken ring and a few other alterations or to Heliosupine which already has a broken ring.

Triangularine is also known as 6-Angenyl-9-SarracinylRetronecine.


  Pentaglottis sempervirens  ⇐ Global Aspect ⇒ Boraginaceae  

Distribution
 family8Mallow family8Malvaceae
 BSBI maps
genus8Pentaglottis
Pentaglottis
(Green Alkanet)

GREEN ALKANET

Pentaglottis sempervirens

Borage Family [Boraginaceae]